Company Blog

Getting Started with the Raspberry Pi

09.11.2023

MFLI lock-in amplifier with the Raspberry Pi

Do you want to use a Raspberry Pi to control your Zurich Instruments devices? Although instruments are traditionnaly hooked up to a measurement computer, some applications might require a computer with a smaller footprint or lower power requirement. This blog post will walk you through the necessary steps and help get you started.

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Boost your Signal-to-Noise Ratio with Lock-in Detection

10.10.2023

Webinar: Boost your Signal-to-Noise Ratio with Lock-in Amplifiers

In this tutorial, we learned how to use lock-in amplifiers and optimize measurement parameters to get the best signal-to-noise ratio. We discussed three common use cases: optics and photonics experiments, material characterization, and resonator characterization. Finally, we looked at more advanced techniques, such as double modulation and multi-frequency measurements.

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How to Measure Allan Variance with Zurich Instruments Lock-in Amplifiers

28.08.2023

Allan Variation measurement with Zurich Instruments lock-in amplifiers.

Any measurement resolution is limited by random fluctuations, "noise", of the measured quantities. Practical systems also might experience variations of parameters causing "drifts" in the measurements. Various sources of such noises and drifts may take different time or frequency dependencies. To understand how such fluctuations affect one's measurement, a careful analysis of such noise and drifts must be performed. Discrimination of such noise sources might be performed by performing Allan deviation measurement of discretely sample data. In this blog post, we discuss how to easily measure Allan variance with our Zurich Instruments lock-in amplifier.

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Understanding the Specifications of Lock-in Amplifiers

20.02.2023

Zurich Instruments Lock-in Amplifiers

Today, lock-in amplifiers are widespread instruments used to measure small signals buried in noise. Thanks to their versatility, they can be tailored to different experiments and address a large variety of applications...

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Understanding Timestamps and Their Importance for Synchronized Measurements

31.10.2022

Simultaneous measurement of multiple signals

Timing is extremely important to correlate the results from different experimental signals. In this blog post we will show how to work with timestamps from a Zurich Instruments lock-in amplifier when measuring multiple signals simultaneously.

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How Does a Zurich Instruments Lock-In Amplifier Work?

07.02.2022

General architecture of a Zurich Instruments lock-in amplifier.

Have you ever wondered what is going on inside your Zurich Instruments lock-in amplifier? Lock-in amplifiers enable precise measurements of small signals buried in noise. While analog instruments have been used for decades, the development of analog-to-digital converters with high speed, resolution, and linearity has more recently enabled the realization...

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Best Practices in Sensor Characterization and Control - Q&A

02.12.2021

Bode plot of the resonance of a sensor

For this webinar we teamed up with Dr. Tomás Manzaneque , whose work focuses on the fabrication, modeling and interfacing of mechanical micro-resonators in different fields of application: examples are rheological sensing, ultra-sensitive mass sensing, passive conditioning of RF signals for the Internet-of-Things communications, and single-cell biopsy. His research interests...

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Fast Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Characterization and Counting - Q&A

23.03.2021

Meng Li, Bruno Charlety

This blog post summarizes the webinar that Fluigent and Zurich Instruments presented together on our solution for fast electric impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in microfluidics. The system consisted of an HF2LI Lock-in Amplifier from Zurich Instruments and the LineUp series microfluidic flow controllers from Fluigent. We covered the working principle of...

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How to Demodulate Multi-frequency Signals such as AM, FM and PM

20.03.2018

Tandem Modulation

Introduction When analyzing signals with multiple frequency components, it is important to measure the amplitude and phase of each frequency component accurately so that a change in the characteristics of one component does not affect the measurement of another frequency component. There are two different approaches to multi-frequency signal demodulation...

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Using Digital Lines as Trigger Sources

03.02.2016

Save Demod Data on Trigger High

Starting from the LabOne 15.11 release, accessible from our Download Center , all HF2LI users with the enabled HF2LI-WEB option can now benefit from the latest software developments that were previously reserved for the UHFLI. One tool that is now totally new for this instrument is the Software (SW) Trigger...

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Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy with the HF2LI Lock-in Amplifier

23.05.2015

DLTS vs Temperature

A very small concentration of lattice point defects, or simply defects, such as vacancies, impurities, dislocations, grain boundaries or cavities, are responsible for creating many different properties in semiconductors. Defects play a crucial (beneficial or detrimental) role in determining the suitability in terms of performance and reliability of a specific material to be used in a semiconductor device...

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Measuring the I-V Characteristic of PN Junction Devices with the HF2LI

13.05.2015

I-V Setup

Co-author and main contributor: Dr. Antonio Braga Introduction The p-n junction is the fundamental building block of semiconductor material electronics device such as transistors, diodes, sensors, laser, light emitting diodes, as well as solar cells. If one wants to know the fundamental functional properties of these devices, it is crucial...

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Demodulating Down to DC with the HF2LI

18.11.2014

DC Demod

Many of our customers use the possibility to measure DC voltage and current, together with an ac signal by setting the demodulation frequency ω=0. The measured value is seemingly incorrect as you need to divide the obtained rms value with the factor of √2 to get the actual signal amplitude...

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Sideband Analysis with Lock-in Amplifiers

27.02.2014

When a sinusoidal waveform is periodically modulated in either amplitude or frequency, sidebands are generated as a result of this carrier modulation. These sidebands can be measured using a lock-in amplifier. Zurich Instruments' lock-in amplifiers (such as the HF2LI and the UHFLI) can measure up to 8 frequencies simultaneously and...

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Reducing Ground Disturbances with the HF2TA

26.02.2014

Ground Test Setup

Ground loops can pose a serious problem in many measurement setups. Due to the multiple connections to and from the HF2TA Current Amplifier and other external components, several ground loop related issues can pop up in the signal being measured. These issues can be high-frequency oscillations (> 10 MHz), 50/60...

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